Burn injuries can occur unexpectedly, leaving victims in pain and distress. Whether it’s a minor kitchen accident or a more severe incident, knowing how to provide immediate first aid for burns is crucial. In this article, we will explore the various aspects of first aid for burns, including types of burns and scalds, assessing burn severity, and the steps to stop the burning process. Additionally, we’ll discuss the management of burns, burn care, procedures for major burns, and significance of a first aid course.
If you’re wondering, “What is the medical treatment for burns?” and “How to treat minor burns or severe burns”—this article will equip you with the knowledge you need to respond effectively.
Understanding Different Types of Burns
Burns are injuries to the skin and underlying tissues that result from exposure to heat, chemicals, electricity, or radiation. They can vary in severity and are typically classified into different types based on the cause, depth, and extent of the injury. The classification of burns helps healthcare professionals determine the further medical treatment and assess the potential for complications.
Thermal Burns
Thermal burns are the most common type of burns and are caused by exposure to heat sources. They can be further classified into three categories:
Superficial (First-Degree) Burns. Superficial burns affect only the top layer of the skin, the epidermis. They are characterized by redness, pain, and mild swelling. Sunburn is a common example of a superficial burn.
Partial Thickness Burns (Second-Degree). Partial thickness burns damage both the epidermis and part of the underlying dermis. Burnt skin are often characterized by blistering, severe pain, redness, and swelling.
Full-Thickness Burns (Third-Degree). Full-thickness burns damage the entire epidermis and dermis and may extend into the underlying tissues. Burned skin often appear white, black, or charred. Full-thickness burns are typically painless because nerve endings are destroyed. Scarring is a significant concern in such cases.
Chemical Burns
Chemical burns result from exposure to caustic substances like acids, bases, solvents, or household chemicals. The severity of chemical burns depends on the type of chemical involved and the duration of contact. Immediate and thorough irrigation with water is critical to minimize damage.
Electrical Burns
Electrical burns occur when an electrical current passes through the body. The severity of electrical burns can vary widely, with damage both at the entry and exit points of the current. Internal injuries may not be apparent externally, making a comprehensive medical evaluation necessary. Electrical burn can also cause complications, such as heart arrhythmias or muscle damage. Medical treatment is often required, especially for severe chemical and electrical burns.
Radiation Burns
Radiation burns result from exposure to ionizing radiation, such as X-rays or nuclear radiation. These burns are relatively rare but can be severe. The severity depends on the type and duration of exposure. Radiation burns are typically seen in medical settings, industrial accidents, or as a result of nuclear events.
Friction Burns (Road Rash)
Friction burns occur when the skin rubs against a hard surface. Road rash from a motorcycle or bicycle accident is a common example. Depending on the depth and severity, deep burns can result in complications such as infection and more.
Cold Burns (Frostbite)
Cold burns, or frostbite, occur when skin and underlying tissues freeze due to extreme cold temperatures. Frostbite can result in tissue damage and necrosis. Rapid rewarming and medical attention are essential to prevent further damage.
Inhalation Burns
Inhalation burns occur when the airway is exposed to hot, toxic gases or smoke, often in fires. Depending on how serious burns are can cause respiratory distress and can be considered a medical emergency. Treatment includes airway management and supportive care.
It’s important to note that the severity of a burn can evolve over time which can affect total body surface area. Prompt and appropriate medical evaluation and treatment are crucial to minimize complications and scarring. Additionally, deep burns can lead to complications such as infection, fluid imbalance, burnt skin, and scarring, which may require ongoing medical care, skin graft surgery, and rehabilitation.
Burn Types and Characteristics
| Type of Burn | Causes | Characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Superficial (First-Degree) Burns | Heat (e.g., sunburn) | Redness, pain, mild swelling |
| Partial Thickness (Second-Degree) Burns | Heat, scalding liquids | Blistering, severe pain, redness, swelling |
| Full-Thickness (Third-Degree) Burns | Severe heat, electricity, chemicals | White, black, or charred skin, may be painless due to nerve damage |
| Chemical Burns | Acids, bases, solvents | Varies depending on the chemical; can cause deep tissue damage |
| Electrical Burns | Electrical current | Entry and exit wounds, internal damage, potential heart issues |
| Radiation Burns | Ionizing radiation (e.g., X-rays) | Varies based on exposure; can be severe |
| Friction Burns (Road Rash) | Skin rubbing against hard surfaces | Abrasions, possible deep skin layers damage |
| Cold Burns (Frostbite) | Extreme cold | Skin freezes, leading to tissue damage and necrosis |
| Inhalation Burns | Hot gases, smoke in fires | Respiratory distress, airway damage |
First Aid Treatment For Burns
Ensure Safety. Before approaching the burn victim, make sure the scene is safe. Ensure there are no ongoing risks, such as flames, hot surfaces, or hazardous materials.
Call for Help. If there are major burns involved (covering a large area, deep, or affecting the face, hands, feet, genitals, or major joints) or if the person is having difficulty breathing, call 911 or your local emergency number immediately.
Assess the Situation. Evaluate the severity of the burn. Burns are typically categorized into three degrees:
a. First-degree burns: Superficial, minor burns affecting only the top layer of skin, resulting in redness and mild pain.
b. Second-degree burns: Affecting both the top and underlying skin layers, causing blisters, clammy skin, severe pain, and redness. It is also known as ‘partial thickness burn’ which can be mild burns or worse, affecting the total body surface area.
c. Third-degree burns: Full thickness burn is most severe burns, involving all skin layers. It often with a white or charred skin burns with large or deep burns and potentially less painful due to nerve damage.
Protect Yourself. If safe, wear appropriate protective clothing such as disposable gloves to prevent infection when treating the burn.
Remove the Heat Source. If the burns and scalds is caused by a hot liquids (hot drinks), greasy or oily products, object or fire, remove the heat source to stop the burning process. For example, if the burn was caused by a chemical, brush off any dry chemicals from the skin before rinsing. Also remove contaminated clothing if it is safe to do so.
Cool the Burn. For first-degree and some second-degree burns, cool the burn with cold, running water for at least 10-20 minutes. This helps to reduce pain and prevent the burn from getting worse. Do not use ice or very cold water, as it can further damage the tissue.
Cover the Burn. Use a sterile non-stick bandage or a clean cloth to cover the burn to protect it from dirt and air. Avoid using adhesive bandages directly on major burn, as they can stick to the skin.
Elevate the Burned Area. In treating burns, elevate the burned area to reduce swelling if possible. This is especially important for serious burn on the limbs.
Provide Pain Relief. Over-the-counter medication like acetaminophen or ibuprofen can be given if the person is in pain. Follow the dosing instructions on the label.
Do Not:
Do not break blisters that may have formed.
Do not apply creams, ointments, or adhesive bandages directly to the burn. Most minor burns can heal on its own.
Do not use adhesive tape to secure the bandage, as it can cause further damage when removed.
Seek Medical Attention. All major burn including second-degree and third-degree burns, burns on the face, hands, feet, genitals, or major joints require immediate medical attention.
Remember that burns can be serious injuries that is considered a medical emergency. It is essential to seek immediate medical attention for serious burns, especially if the person’s body temperature drops. Take note that these first aid steps are meant to provide initial care and should not be a substitute for professional treatment.
Knowing how to respond promptly and correctly in the event of a burn is essential, and this is where a first aid course, led by experts in the field, can make a significant difference. By equipping yourself with the knowledge and skills offered in these courses, you can be a valuable asset in any emergency situation involving burns, not only ensuring immediate relief for the victim but also potentially preventing long-term damage.
First aid courses are designed to provide hands-on experience, guidance, and practical knowledge, all of which are vital in helping you confidently address burns and other medical emergencies. With the guidance of experts, you’ll gain a deeper understanding of how to assess the severity of a burn, administer the appropriate first aid techniques, and ensure the best possible outcomes for those in need.
Interested in getting trained? Check our course calendar for all available courses or get in touch with our friendly staff through our contact us form.
